Enhancing AI Interpretability with Localised Architectures

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arXiv:2606.07998v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Recent advances in generative AI, especially powerful Large Language Models (LLMs), raise concerns over the interpretability, safety and sustainability of these large and opaque AI models. The power of such architectures is derived not only from the scalability of deep neural networks (DNNs), but also massively parallel hardware such as GPU clusters. The diffuse nature of DNNs gives them great function-approximation capability when provided with sufficient training data but imposes a cost in interpretability and computational efficiency. Observing that localised machine learning (ML) models tend to be more interpretable and computationally efficient than DNNs on small datasets, we reason by analogy that similar advantages may apply to specific localised hardware ML architectures. We argue that localised architectures with lower bandwidth but higher expressivity per node have the potential to be fundamentally more interpretable than DNNs running on GPU clusters while remaining competitive for smaller datasets. We then survey the suitability of various hardware ML paradigms for implementing such localised architectures and evaluate their per-node expressivity, energy efficiency and practical maturity of the technology required.

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