Pixel-Native RAG: A Practical Guide to Visual Document Indexing

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In this tutorial, we build a complete pixel-native retrieval-augmented generation pipeline from scratch and examine how document retrieval works without relying on conventional HTML parsing, text extraction, or fixed chunking strategies. We render web pages and PDF documents as images, divide them into overlapping tiles, generate multimodal embeddings with SigLIP, CLIP, or an optional Qwen3-VL backend, and store the resulting vectors in a FAISS index for efficient similarity search. We also strengthen retrieval with OCR-based BM25 scoring and reciprocal rank fusion, aggregate tile-level evidence into document-level results, and expose the system through a FastAPI search service. Along the way, we evaluate retrieval quality using Recall@k and mean reciprocal rank, train a lightweight residual adapter with contrastive learning, visualize retrieved screenshots, and optionally pass the strongest evidence tiles to a vision-language model for grounded answer generation.

Copy CodeCopiedUse a different Browserimport os import sys import io import re import json import time import math import shutil import hashlib import asyncio import logging import argparse import threading import subprocess from pathlib import Path from dataclasses import dataclass, field, asdict from typing import List, Dict, Any, Optional, Tuple @dataclass class Config: urls: List[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_database", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)", …

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