SPEAR: Structure Property Explainability with Attention Regularization

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arXiv:2608.13826v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Machine learning is increasingly used to learn structure property relationships from spectroscopic and diffraction data, yet its adoption in materials discovery is often limited by poor interpretability of model predictions. Although attention mechanisms are frequently treated as inherently explainable, unregularized attention can yield unstable, fragmented, or intensity driven attribution patterns that obscure the physical origin of these relationships. Here we introduce SPEAR (Structure Property Explainability with Attention Regularization), a framework that constrains attention distributions during training to improve their stability, selectivity, and physical interpretability. SPEAR augments attention based regression with a learnable temperature that controls attention concentration and a smoothness penalty that enforces coherence across neighboring spectral positions, treating attention as a learnable explanatory object rather than a post hoc visualization. Using synthetic spectral benchmarks with known generative structure, we show that attention regularization produces smooth, contiguous attribution profiles aligned with causal features while preserving predictive accuracy. Applied to experimental X ray diffraction data from a combinatorial rare earth zirconate thin film library, the regularized model selectively emphasizes physically relevant diffraction features and decouples feature importance from raw peak intensity. The reflection it identified prompted a reassessment of our earlier structural analysis, …

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