Unsupervised Anatomical Feature Learning via Diffusion Models: Enhanced Medical Image Segmentation with Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models

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arXiv:2608.25693v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Acquiring pixel-level annotations for medical image segmentation is a severe bottleneck. Traditional U-Net architectures, while effective, learn local texture patterns and lack awareness of global anatomical structures, leading to boundary delineation failures in low-data regimes. This research paper proposes utilizing unsupervised Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPMs) to extract anatomical features. We train a DDPM on 21 unlabeled abdominal CT scans to learn structural representations, transferring the encoder weights to a downstream segmentation task evaluated on the BTCV multi-organ dataset. Diffusion pretraining significantly improved liver segmentation: Dice increased from $0.75\pm0.36$ to $0.93\pm0.16$ ($p 80% of fine-tuned performance without exposure to segmentation labels, proving the existence of learned anatomical priors. In low-data scenarios, diffusion-pretrained models maintained robust performance with only 50% (Dice: 0.92 liver, 0.94 kidney), 25%, and even 10% (Dice: 0.89 liver, 0.71 kidney) of labeled data. Using unlabeled images for diffusion-based pretraining successfully embeds robust anatomical features prior to human supervision, transforming U-Nets into anatomy-aware systems.

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